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Assessing the Theological Value of Rev. Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards (1700–1758) was a prominent American theologian and philosopher whose work significantly influenced Reformed theology, particularly concerning original sin, conversion, and the nature of religious experience. His theological contributions are often discussed in relation to earlier figures like Augustine and Aquinas, as well as later Reformed thinkers [1, 2, 9].

Edwards's understanding of original sin is a key aspect of his theology. He argued that humanity's depravity, or spiritual death, is a punishment for Adam's first sin. This perspective implies that the imputation of Adam's guilt precedes and is not a consequence of individual depravity [2]. This aligns with the broader Augustinian tradition, which holds that Adam's sin injured not only himself but all his descendants through ordinary generation [9]. Augustine himself emphasized that "all things were made by Jesus Christ, and that without Him nothing was" [8], and that humanity is delivered not by the merits of works but by God's grace, confessing sins [6]. Augustine also noted that even those "born of God" still carry a corrupt body and struggle with sin [7].

Edwards's views on original sin contrast with some other theological perspectives. For instance, the Catholic understanding, as articulated by Aquinas, distinguishes between the aversion from God and adherence to a created good in mortal sin. Aquinas states that the stain resulting from the privation of grace and the debt of everlasting punishment are common to all mortal sins [4]. The Catechism of the Catholic Church also outlines the biblical canon, which includes books like Sirach and Tobit, not typically found in Protestant Bibles [5].

Another significant area of Edwards's theological contribution was his view on church membership and the Lord's Supper. Initially, Edwards followed his grandfather's practice of admitting individuals to the Lord's Supper based on their outward profession of faith. However, he later became convinced that this principle was unscriptural. In 1749, he published "An humble Inquiry into the Rules of the Word of God, concerning the Qualifications requisite to a complete standing and full communion in the visible Christian Church," advocating for a stricter standard based on credible evidence of a saving work of God's Spirit [1]. Edwards was careful to distinguish between merely suspending judgment or hoping for the best regarding a person's spiritual state and making a "positive judgment" based on "outward manifestations that ordinarily render the thing probable" [3]. He did not base this on specific details of religious experience but on observable evidence of grace [3].

Edwards's emphasis on the experiential aspect of faith and the necessity of a genuine conversion experience was central to his ministry during the Great Awakening. His writings often explored the nature of true religion and the signs of genuine spiritual awakening, distinguishing them from mere emotionalism or superficial adherence. His work continues to be studied for its profound insights into human nature, divine sovereignty, and the dynamics of spiritual transformation.

Sources

  1. CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 3, section 64: being a Vindication of the right of visible saints to the Lord’s Supper, though they be destitute of a saving work of God’s Spirit on their hearts; against the exceptions of Mr. Increase Mather.” President Edwards succeeded his grandfather as pastor of the Church in Northampton, Mass., in 1727, and for twenty years continued to act on the same principle on this subject as his grandfather. Having become convinced that that principle was unscriptural, he published, in 1749, “An humble Inquiry into the Rules of the Word of God, concerning th”
  2. CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 2, section 47: to this punishment as having sinned (so it is implied) in that one man’s sin. And it is repeated, over and over, that all are condemned, many are dead, many made sinners, etc., by one man’s offence, by the disobedience of one, and by one offence.” 211 211 Original Sin, III. i.; Works, vol. ii. p. 512. As guilt precedes punishment, if, as Edwards says, depravity or spiritual death is a punishment, then the imputation of the guilt of Adam’s first sin precedes depravity, and is not consequent upon it. This is the current representation throu”
  3. CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 3, section 64: but in so doing we entertain an angel or precious saint of God. But I mean a positive judgment, founded on some positive appearance, or visibility, some outward manifestations that ordinarily render the thing probable. There is a difference between suspending our judgment, or forbearing to condemn, or having some hope that possibly the thing may be so, and so hoping the best; and a positive judgment in favour of a person.” 577 577 Works, edit. New York, 1868, vol. i. pp. 91, 92. Edwards is careful not to make any detail of religious exper”
  4. theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Third Part (Tertia Pars), Of the Return of Sins Which Have Been Taken Away by Penance, Art. 1: Article: Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin? I answer that, As stated above (Question [86], Article [4]), mortal sin contains two things, aversion from God and adherence to a created good. Now, in mortal sin, whatever attaches to the aversion, is, considered in itself, common to all mortal sins, since man turns away from God by every mortal sin, so that, in consequence, the stain resulting from the privation of grace, and the debt of everlasting puni”
  5. Catechism of the Catholic Church (Catholic) “Catechism of the Catholic Church, 3. the anagogical sense (Greek: anagoge, "leading"). We can view (part 2): 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah and Malachi. The New Testament: the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the Acts of the Apostles, the Letters of St. Paul to the Romans, ”
  6. Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “NPNF1 Vol 8: Augustine — Exposition on Psalms — TO DAVID HIMSELF; FOR UNDERSTANDING. (part 1): 1. To David himself; for understanding; by which it is understood that not by the merits of works, but by the grace of God, man his delivered, confessing his sins. 2. "Blessed are they whose unrighteousness is forgiven, and whose sins are covered" (ver. 1): and whose sins are buried in oblivion. "Blessed is the man to whom the Lord hath not imputed sin, nor is there guile in his mouth" (ver. 2): nor has he in his mouth boastings of righteousness, when his conscience is full of sins. 3. "Because I kep”
  7. Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “NPNF1 Vol 5: Augustine — Anti-Pelagian — CHAP. 12 [X.]--HE RECONCILES SOME PASSAGES: OF SCRIPTURE. The statement, therefore, "He that is born of God sinneth not,"[1] is not contrary to the passage in which it is declared by those who are born of God, "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us."[2] For however complete may be a man's present hope, and however real may be his renewal by spiritual regeneration in that part of his nature, he still, for all that, carries about a body which is corrupt, and which presses down his soul; and so long as this is the ”
  8. Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “NPNF1 Vol 5: Augustine — Anti-Pelagian — CHAP. 57 [XXXIV.]--THE GREAT SIN OF THE: FIRST MAN. Now observe what follows, as he goes on to say: "If, before sin, God created a source from which men should be born, but the devil a source from which parents were disturbed, then beyond a doubt holiness must be ascribed to those that are born, and guilt to those that produce. Since, however, this would be a most manifest condemnation of marriage; remove, I pray you, this view from the midst of the churches, and really believe that all things were made by Jesus Christ, and that without Him nothing was ”
  9. CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 2, section 45: § 8. The Effects of Adam’s Sin upon his Posterity. That the sin of Adam injured not himself only but also all descending from him by ordinary generation, is part of the faith of the whole Christian world. The nature and extent of the evil thus entailed upon his race, and the ground or reason of the descendants of Adam being involved in the evil consequences of his transgression, have ever been matter of diversity and discussion. As to both of these points the common Augustinian doctrine is briefly stated in the Symbols of our Church. Acco”
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