Autenticidad De Los Libros Deuterocanonicos En La Biblia
The authenticity of the Deuterocanonical books is a point of divergence among Christian traditions, primarily concerning their inclusion in the Old Testament canon. These books, also known as the Apocrypha by Protestants, are considered canonical by some traditions and non-canonical by others.
The Catholic Church includes several books in its Old Testament canon that are not found in the Hebrew Bible or in most Protestant Bibles. These include Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), and Baruch, along with additions to Esther and Daniel [7]. The Catechism of the Catholic Church lists these as integral parts of the inspired Scripture [7].
In contrast, Protestant traditions generally do not accept the Deuterocanonical books as part of the inspired canon. Reformers like John Calvin, while not explicitly discussing the Deuterocanonical books in the provided excerpts, emphasized the authority of the books recognized in the Hebrew Bible [4]. Charles Hodge, one theologian, states that the Christian canon of the Old Testament is determined by ascertaining what books were sanctioned by Christ and the Apostles, implying an alignment with the Hebrew canon [6]. The Sadducees, for instance, recognized only the books of Moses (Genesis-Deuteronomy) as authoritative, a point Jesus used to prove the resurrection [1]. The concept of a "scripture of truth" in Daniel is interpreted by some Protestant scholars as referring to God's decrees or a divine book, rather than a specific set of human writings beyond the established canon [2, 3, 10].
The historical development of the canon shows that the status of these books was debated in early Christianity. While some early Christian writers, such as John Chrysostom, cited from books now considered canonical [5], the broader patristic period saw varying degrees of acceptance for the Deuterocanonical texts. The Jewish tradition, as evidenced by the Midrash Rabbah, focuses on the five books of the Torah as foundational [8], and the Hebrew Bible itself does not include the Deuterocanonical books. The introduction to the Book of Enoch, a pseudepigraphal work, highlights the skepticism regarding the dates and authorship of ancient Hebrew literature, suggesting a critical approach to canonical inclusion even in antiquity [9].
Sources
- Luke (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Luke 20:37: 20:37 Having refuted the Sadducees’ argument about marriage, Jesus turned to the larger question concerning the resurrection. • even Moses proved this: Jesus used the books of Moses (Genesis—Deuteronomy)—the only Scripture the Sadducees recognized as authoritative—to prove the resurrection. • the God of Abraham . . . Jacob: God identified himself as the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob long after these patriarchs had died. Since he was still their God, they must have had a continuing existence after death.”
- Daniel (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Daniel 10:21: But I will show that which is noted in the Scripture of truth,.... Not in the written word, though there are many things relating to what should befall the Jews in the latter day, especially in Deu 28:1 but in the decrees and purposes of God, which are sometimes signified by a book, and things written in it; because so particular and distinct, and so sure and certain, and which will be most truly, infallibly, and punctually performed: these are "noted", marked, engraven, in the eternal mind of God; they are "in writing", and they are "truth" (b), as it may be rendere”
- Daniel (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Daniel 10:21: noted in the scripture of truth--in the secret book of God's decrees (Psa 139:16; Rev 5:1), which are truth, that is, the things which shall most surely come to pass, being determined by God (compare Joh 17:17). none . . . but Michael--To him alone of the angels the office of protecting Israel, in concert with the angelic speaker, was delegated; all the world powers were against Israel. Next: Daniel Chapter 11”
- CCEL (Reformed) “Calvin, Commentary on Isaiah, Vol. 1, section 23.3: 10:23 12:23 12:51 12:51 12:51 13:21 13:21 13:22 14:21 14:27 14:28 14:29 15:1 19:6 19:20 20:5 20:5 21:8 21:8 21:8 22:22-24 22:23 23:8 23:8 23:19 23:32 25:21 25:22 29:42 32:32 33:9 34:6 34:7 34:26 Leviticus 1:11 10:1 19:18 23:40 26 26:18 26:18 26:21 26:21 26:24 26:26 26:28 26:31 26:36 26:36 Numbers 12:6 14:14 21:9 23:19 23:23 33:52 33:55 Deuteronomy 1:33 1:44 4:6 4:7 4:24 5:9 6:5 7:16 8:2 9:3 10:12 10:20 12:5 12:6 12:7 12:12 12:13 12:18 13:5 15:9 16:19 17:16 18:10-15 18:15 18:20 19:19 19:21 23:18 24:15 28 28:11 28:64 29:5 29:19 30:3 30:4 30:4 3”
- CCEL/NPNF (Eastern Orthodox) “John Chrysostom, Homilies on Galatians–Colossians–Thessalonians: Index of Scripture References Genesis 1:11 1:11 1:26 1:26 1:26 1:27 1:27 1:27 1:31 1:31 2:2 2:7 2:17 2:17 2:18 2:23 2:24 2:24 2:24 3:5 3:16 3:24 4 4:9 4:14 6:2 6:3 6:4 6:9 6:12 7:7 8:21 12:1 12:4 12:16 13:10 13:10-11 14:14 14:21-23 15:16 16:5 16:6 17:8 18:11 18:12 18:14 18:21 19:13 19:14 19:24 21:10 21:12 21:12 22:7-8 22:16 22:18 22:18 24:1-67 24:22 24:65 25:21 25:21 26:4 27:46 28:1 28:13 31:42 31:45 32:48 35:18 37:9-10 37:20 39:1 39:6 40:4 40:7 40:8 40:14-15 40:22 41 41:16 42:36 43:14 43:30 45:5 48:15-16 49:9 64:28 Exodus 2:11 2”
- CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 1, section 40: Word of God. When we refer to the Bible as 153 of divine authority, we refer to it as a volume and recognize all the writings which it contains as given by the inspiration of the Spirit. In like manner when Christ or his Apostles quote the “Scriptures,” or the “law and the prophets,” and speak of the volume then so called, they give their sanction to the divine authority of all the books which that volume contained. All, therefore, that is necessary to determine for Christians the canon of the Old Testament, is to ascertain what books wer”
- Catechism of the Catholic Church (Catholic) “Catechism of the Catholic Church, 3. the anagogical sense (Greek: anagoge, "leading"). We can view (part 2): 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah and Malachi. The New Testament: the Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the Acts of the Apostles, the Letters of St. Paul to the Romans, ”
- Midrash Rabbah (Jewish (Rabbinic)) “Midrash Rabbah, Bereishit Rabbah 3:5: Rabbi Simon said: Light is mentioned five times here, corresponding to the five books of the Torah. “God said: Let there be light” – corresponding to the book of Genesis, in which the Holy One blessed be He engaged in creating His world. “And there was light” – corresponding to the book of Exodus in which Israel emerged from darkness to light. “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4) – corresponding to the book of Leviticus, which is full of multiple halakhot . 6 Hence the two positive expressions: “light” and “good.” “God distinguished between ”
- Introduction “1 Enoch (Book of Enoch), Introduction, section 22: a pseudonymous book was accepted in the locality of its recent composition as the genuine production of an antediluvian prophet, necessarily encourages scepticism as to the dates and authorship of all ancient Hebrew literature. It cannot be said that internal evidence attests the superiority of the Old Testament to the Book of Enoch; for no Hebrew prophet is more eloquent than its author in denouncing iniquity, commending righteousness, and inviting all men to place implicit trust in the final vindication of Divine justice. Internal evidence i”
- Daniel (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Daniel 10:21: 10:21 Book of Truth (literally writing of truth): The messenger was not speaking of himself, but from what was written in God’s Book of Truth. Compare God’s book in 7:9-10; Exod 32:32-33. See also Dan 12:1; Ps 139:16. The Book of Truth contains what is revealed in Dan 11:2–12:7. • against these spirit princes except Michael, your spirit prince: God divided up the nations, partitioning out the nations and their princes (Deut 32:8). God was over Israel, and Michael was Israel’s spirit prince.”