Belief in God Without Religious Affiliation
Belief in God without religious affiliation, often termed deism or spiritual but not religious, presents a complex theological discussion, particularly when viewed through the lens of traditional Christian thought. Christian theology generally emphasizes that true belief in God is intrinsically linked to a relationship with Him, often mediated through specific religious practices and doctrines.
The Apostle Paul, in his letter to the Romans, states that "whoever, Jew or Gentile, believe in the Lord and call upon his name, shall be saved" [3]. This suggests a connection between belief and an active calling upon God, which implies a form of relationship or affiliation. John Gill, commenting on this passage, notes that it underscores the necessity of the Gospel being preached so that people can believe and call upon God [3]. Similarly, Gill, in his commentary on Acts, observes that God "put no difference between us and them" (Acts 15:9) in terms of grace and privileges, whether Jew or Gentile, implying that the distinction lies not in ethnic or ceremonial background, but in faith itself [6].
The concept of faith, in Christian understanding, is not merely intellectual assent to God's existence. Adam Clarke, interpreting Hebrews 11:6, explains that "He that cometh to God" must believe in God's existence and that "he rewards them that diligently seek him" [7]. This implies an active seeking and a recognition of God's nature as a rewarder, which goes beyond a passive acknowledgment of a divine being. Charles Hodge further clarifies that God "does not require faith without knowledge, or faith in the impossible, or faith without evidence" [4]. However, this evidence leads to a faith that is more than just intellectual; it is a trust.
Thomas Aquinas distinguishes between different aspects of faith, noting that "to believe" is an act of the intellect moved by the will [9]. He also discusses charity, which he defines not only as the love of God but also as a "certain friendship with Him," implying mutual communion [2]. This friendship and communion are central to the Christian understanding of a relationship with God, suggesting that belief is not isolated but integrated into a broader spiritual life.
John Calvin emphasizes that salvation is obtained "when we recognize God as a propitious Father through the reconciliation made by Christ" [5]. This recognition is not merely intellectual but involves embracing Christ for "righteousness, sanctification, and life" [5]. Calvin further states that acceptable prayer, a key aspect of religious practice, "springs... from this presumption of faith, and is founded on the full assurance of hope" [8]. This "full assurance" distinguishes believers from unbelievers [8].
The patristic writer Tertullian, as cited by Origen, addresses the idea that God might desire to make himself known and test those who believe [1]. This ancient perspective highlights that God's desire for recognition is tied to a response of belief and a subsequent trial of that belief, suggesting a dynamic interaction rather than a detached acknowledgment.
Sources
- Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “ANF Vol 4: Tertullian IV, Minucius Felix, Commodian, Origen — CHAP. VI: But if you will have us to meet the most ridiculous among the charges of Celsus, listen to him when he says: "Now God, being unknown amongst men, and deeming himself on that account to have less than his due, (6) would desire to make himself known, and to make trial both of those who believe upon him and of those who do not, like those of mankind who have recently come into the possession of riches, and who make a display of their wealth; and thus they testify to an excessive but very mortal ambition on the part of God." (”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part of the Second Part (Prima Secundae), Of the Connection of Virtues, Art. 5: Article: Whether charity can be without faith and hope? I answer that, Charity signifies not only the love of God, but also a certain friendship with Him; which implies, besides love, a certain mutual return of love, together with mutual communion, as stated in Ethic. viii, 2. That this belongs to charity is evident from 1 Jn. 4:16: "He that abideth in charity, abideth in God, and God in him," and from 1 Cor. 1:9, where it is written: "God is faithful, by Whom you are called unto th”
- Romans (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Romans 10:14: How then shall they call on him in whom they, have not believed?.... The apostle having observed, that whoever, Jew or Gentile, believe in the Lord and call upon his name, shall be saved; and that the same Lord was ready and willing to dispense his grace, without any difference to them; suggests, that it was therefore absolutely necessary, that the Gospel should be preached to the Gentiles, as well as to the Jews; that it was the will of God it should be; that what he and others did, was by a divine commission; that they were sent by the Lord to preach the Gospel to ”
- CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 1, section 20: for their decision. 55 Christians, therefore, concede to reason all the prerogatives it can rightfully claim. God requires nothing irrational of his rational creatures. He does not require faith without knowledge, or faith in the impossible, or faith without evidence. Christianity is equally opposed to superstition and Rationalism. The one is faith without appropriate evidence, the other refuses to believe what it does not understand, in despite of evidence which should command belief. The Christian, conscious of his imbecility as a creat”
- CCEL (Reformed) “John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, section 57: do not obtain salvation either because we are prepared to embrace every dictate of the Church as true, or leave to the Church the province of inquiring and determining; but when we recognize God as a propitious Father through the reconciliation made by Christ, and Christ as given to us for 471 righteousness, sanctification, and life. By this knowledge, I say, not by the submission of our understanding, we obtain an entrance into the kingdom of heaven. For when the Apostle says, “With the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and ”
- Acts (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Acts 15:9: And put no difference between us and them,.... Neither in the extraordinary gifts, nor special grace, of the Spirit; giving them the same graces of faith, hope, and love, admitting to the same privileges and immunities of the house of God, and giving them a right and title to the same inheritance of the saints in light, though the one were circumcised, and the other were not. God puts no difference as to matters of religion under the Gospel dispensation between Jews and Gentiles, neither on account of Abraham's seed, or of circumcision, or of the ceremonial law, or of n”
- Hebrews (Methodist/Wesleyan) “Adam Clarke on Hebrews 11:6: He that cometh to God - The man who professes that it is his duty to worship God, must, if he act rationally, do it on the conviction that there is such a Being infinite, eternal, unoriginated, and self-existent; the cause of all other being; on whom all being depends; and by whose energy, bounty, and providence, all other beings exist, live, and are supplied with the means of continued existence and life. He must believe, also, that he rewards them that diligently seek him; that he is not indifferent about his own worship; that he requires adoration and religious ”
- CCEL (Reformed) “John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, section 75: what we ask, a confidence which the Lord commands, and all the saints teach by their example, we must therefore hold fast with both hands, if we would pray to any advantage. The only prayer acceptable to God is that which springs (if I may so express it) from this presumption of faith, and is founded on the full assurance of hope. He might have been contented to use the simple name of faith, but he adds not only confidence, but liberty or boldness, that by this mark he might distinguish us from unbelievers, who indeed like us pray ”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Second Part of the Second Part (Secunda Secundae), Of the Act of Faith, Art. 2: Article: Whether the act of faith is suitably distinguished as believing God, believing in a God and believing in God? I answer that, The act of any power or habit depends on the relation of that power or habit to its object. Now the object of faith can be considered in three ways. For, since "to believe" is an act of the intellect, in so far as the will moves it to assent, as stated above (Article [1], ad 3), the object of faith can be considered either on the part of the intellect, or o”