Biblical Meaning Of Son's Generation
The biblical concept of "son's generation" involves understanding both "son" and "generation" in their various scriptural contexts. The term "son" (Hebrew: ben) can denote direct offspring, but also a broader sense of descent, succession, or even a characteristic [4, 10]. For instance, "son of a year" means a year old, and "son of a bow" refers to an arrow [4]. The plural "sons of God" is used in the Old Testament to refer to the pious descendants of Seth (Genesis 6:2, 4) and to angels (Job 1:6; 38:7) [2]. In the New Testament, "sons of God" frequently signifies believers adopted into a relationship with God (Romans 8:14, 19; Galatians 4:5, 6) [2]. The title "Son of God" is also distinctively applied to Jesus Christ, appearing thirty-seven times in the New Testament [2]. Similarly, "Son of Man" can refer to humanity generally, to the prophet Ezekiel, and forty-three times to Jesus Christ, emphasizing his true humanity [6].
The term "generation" (Hebrew: dor, Greek: genea) also carries multiple meanings. It can refer to a period of time, often estimated at 30 to 40 years, though in the patriarchal age it was sometimes computed at 100 years (Genesis 15:16) [3]. In other contexts, "generation" signifies a group of contemporaries, as in "this generation" (Genesis 6:9; Isaiah 53:8) [3, 1]. For example, in Deuteronomy 29:22 and Psalm 77:6, it refers to a succeeding generation or children who will be born [7, 8]. The phrase "these are the generations" (Genesis 2:4) or "the book of the generations" (Genesis 5:1; Matthew 1:1) often means a history or family register [1, 5, 9]. "The generations of Jacob" refers to the history of Jacob and his descendants (Genesis 37:2) [1].
The combination of "son" and "generation" can be seen in discussions of lineage and divine relationships. The Babylonian Talmud discusses the phrase "sons of the third generation" from Deuteronomy 23:9, clarifying that both "sons" and "generation" are necessary to indicate that the prohibition depends on the number of sons, not just the passage of time [16, 17].
In theological discourse, particularly concerning Christ, the concept of "generation" takes on a unique meaning. Athanasius of Alexandria distinguishes between adoptive sonship and essential sonship, asserting that God's generation of the Son is an eternal, internal act, not like human creation or generation [11, 15]. Thomas Aquinas further elaborates that the procession of the Word in God is called generation, signifying the origin of a living being from a conjoined living principle, distinct from "making" something out of external matter [12, 13]. Aquinas states that the Son, as the Word, is properly called "Son" because this procession is generation, and the Son is necessarily equal to the Father in greatness, possessing the perfection of the divine nature [14, 18].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Generation — Gen. 2:4, "These are the generations," means the "history." 5:1, "The book of the generations," means a family register, or history of Adam. 37:2, "The generations of Jacob" = the history of Jacob and his descendants. 7:1, "In this generation" = in this age. Ps. 49:19, "The generation of his fathers" = the dwelling of his fathers, i.e., the grave. Ps. 73:15, "The generation of thy children" = the contemporary race. Isa. 53:8, "Who shall declare his generation?" = His manner of life who shall declare? or rather = His race, posterity, shall be so numerous ”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Son of God — The plural, "sons of God," is used (Gen. 6:2, 4) to denote the pious descendants of Seth. In Job 1:6; 38:7 this name is applied to the angels. Hosea uses the phrase (1:10) to designate the gracious relation in which men stand to God. In the New Testament this phrase frequently denotes the relation into which we are brought to God by adoption (Rom. 8:14, 19; 2 Cor. 6:18; Gal. 4:5, 6; Phil. 2:15; 1 John 3:1, 2). It occurs thirty-seven times in the New Testament as the distinctive title of our Saviour. He does not bear this title in consequence of his mirac”
- Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Generation — In the long-lived patriarchal age a generation seems to have been computed at 100 years, (Genesis 15:16) comp. Genesis15:13 and Eccl 12:40 But subsequently the reckoning was the same which has been adopted by modern civilized nations, viz. from thirty to forty years (Job 42:16) (Generation is also used to signify the men of an age or time, as contemporaries, (Genesis 6:9; Isaiah 53:8) posterity, especially in legal formulae, (Leviticus 3:17) etc.; fathers, or ancestors. (Psalms 49:19)”
- Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Son — The term "son" is used in Scripture language to imply almost any kind of descent or succession, as ben shanah, "son of a year," i.e. a year old; ben kesheth, "son of a bow," i.e. an arrow. The word bar is often found in the New Testament in composition, as Bar-timaeus.”
- King James Version “[KJV] Matthew 1:1 — The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Son of man — (1.) Denotes mankind generally, with special reference to their weakness and frailty (Job 25:6; Ps. 8:4; 144:3; 146:3; Isa. 51:12, etc.). (2.) It is a title frequently given to the prophet Ezekiel, probably to remind him of his human weakness. (3.) In the New Testament it is used forty-three times as a distinctive title of the Saviour. In the Old Testament it is used only in Ps. 80:17 and Dan. 7:13 with this application. It denotes the true humanity of our Lord. He had a true body (Heb. 2:14; Luke 24:39) and a rational soul. He was perfect man.”
- Deuteronomy “Dicetque sequens generatio, et filii qui nascentur deinceps, et peregrini qui de longe venerint, videntes plagas terræ illius, et infirmitates, quibus eam afflixerit Dominus, -- Deuteronomy 29:22”
- Psalms “ut cognoscat generatio altera : filii qui nascentur et exsurgent, et narrabunt filiis suis, -- Psalms 77:6”
- Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Genealogy — In Hebrew the term for genealogy or pedigree is "the book of the generations;" and because the oldest histories were usually drawn up on a genealogical basis, the expression often extended to the whole history, as is the case with the Gospel of St. Matthew, where "the book of the generation of Jesus Christ" includes the whole history contained in that Gospel. The promise of the land of Canaan to the seed of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob successively, and the separation of the Israelites from the Gentile world; the expectation of Messiah as to spring from the tr”
- Brown-Driver-Briggs “[BDB H1121] ben (part 4/12) — בֶּןבִּֿנְךָ = thy grandson Exod 10:2; Deut 6:2; Judg 8:22 compare Jer 27:7; plural Exod 34:7; Deut 4:9; 4:25; Judg 12:14; 2Kin 17:41; 2Chron 8:40; Job 42:16; Psa 128:6; Prov 13:22; 17:6; Ezek 37:25; also בֵּן alone with similar reference Gen 29:5 (Laban son of Nahor); Laban calls his daughters' children his own sons 31:28, 43; compare 32:1; so of Naomi Ruth 4:17; רְבִעִים בְּנֵי 2Kin 10:30 sons of the fourth Generation, and, in General, descendants Josh 22:24-25, 27 +; see also below i. below g. constantly, as more precise designation, added to personal name בֶּן”
- CCEL (Patristic) “Athanasius of Alexandria, Select Works and Letters, section 201: Chapter III .— Two senses of the word Son, 1. adoptive; 2. essential; attempts of Arians to find a third meaning between these; e.g. that our Lord only was created immediately by God (Asterius’s view), or that our Lord alone partakes the Father. The second and true sense; God begets as He makes, really; though His creation and generation are not like man’s; His generation independent of time; generation implies an internal, and therefore an eternal, act in God; explanation of Prov. viii. 22 . 6. They say then what the others held”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part (Prima Pars), Of the Persons in Reference to the Notional Acts, Art. 3: Article: Whether the notional acts proceed from something? I answer that, The Son was not begotten from nothing, but from the Father's substance. For it was explained above (Question [27], Article [2]; Question [33], Articles [2],3) that paternity, filiation and nativity really and truly exist in God. Now, this is the difference between true "generation," whereby one proceeds from another as a son, and "making," that the maker makes something out of external matter, as a carpenter make”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part (Prima Pars), The Procession of the Divine Persons, Art. 2: Article: Whether any procession in God can be called generation? I answer that, The procession of the Word in God is called generation. In proof whereof we must observe that generation has a twofold meaning: one common to everything subject to generation and corruption; in which sense generation is nothing but change from non-existence to existence. In another sense it is proper and belongs to living things; in which sense it signifies the origin of a living being from a conjoined living principle”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part (Prima Pars), Of the Person of the Son, Art. 2: Article: Whether "Word" is the Son's proper name? I answer that, "Word," said of God in its proper sense, is used personally, and is the proper name of the person of the Son. For it signifies an emanation of the intellect: and the person Who proceeds in God, by way of emanation of the intellect, is called the Son; and this procession is called generation, as we have shown above (Question [27], Article [2]). Hence it follows that the Son alone is properly called Word in God. On the contrary: On the contrary, A”
- CCEL (Patristic) “Athanasius of Alexandria, Select Works and Letters, section 201: of divine generation; and together with God’s existing is His generating implied, and the Son was in Him by generation, nor did His generation precede His existence, but He was always, and that by generation.’ Thesaur. v. p. 35. . And the origination 158 of mankind is brought home to us from things that are parallel; but, since ‘no one knoweth the Son but the Father, and no one knoweth the Father but the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal Him 822 822 Matt. xi. 27 . ,’ therefore the sacred writers to whom the Son has re”
- Babylonian Talmud (Jewish (Rabbinic)) “Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot 78a.4: The Sages taught in a baraita : The verse states with respect to Egyptian and Edomite converts that “the sons of the third generation that are born to them may enter to them, the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:9). If it is stated “sons” why is it also stated “generation,” and if it is stated “generation” why is it also stated “sons”? One of these terms seems superfluous. The baraita explains: If it had stated only “sons” and not stated “generation,” I would say that the prohibition depends on the number of the son, meaning that the first and second ”
- Babylonian Talmud (Jewish (Rabbinic)) “Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot 78a.5: And conversely, if it had stated only “generation” and not stated “sons,” I would say that the generations are counted from those standing on Mount Sinai, so that any Egyptian born after three generations have passed from the time of the giving of the Torah would be permitted. Therefore, it is stated “sons” to indicate that certain sons are prohibited in later generations as well.”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part (Prima Pars), Of Equality and Likeness among the Divine Persons, Art. 4: Article: Whether the Son is equal to the Father in greatness? I answer that, The Son is necessarily equal to the Father in greatness. For the greatness of God is nothing but the perfection of His nature. Now it belongs to the very nature of paternity and filiation that the Son by generation should attain to the possession of the perfection of the nature which is in the Father, in the same way as it is in the Father Himself. But since in men generation is a certain kind of transmutati”