Eternal Life and the Nature of Redemption
Eternal life, a concept frequently appearing in the New Testament, encompasses the entire future of the redeemed and stands in opposition to eternal punishment [1]. It is presented as the final reward and glory that God's children will enter [1]. The expression "eternal life" appears in the Old Testament in Daniel 12:2, where it is rendered "everlasting life" in some translations [1].
The nature of redemption is central to understanding eternal life. Redemption is defined as the purchase back of something that was lost, achieved through the payment of a ransom [4]. The Greek term apolutrosis, used nine times in Scripture, consistently conveys this idea of a ransom or price paid [4]. This concept is seen in the Old Testament's use of lutron in both human-to-human and human-to-God relations (e.g., Leviticus 19:20, Numbers 3:49) [4]. In the New Testament, redemption is accomplished by Christ, specifically through his blood [6]. Christ was sent to effect this redemption [6], and he is considered the source of redemption for believers [6]. One purpose of this redemption is to honor God through the praises of the redeemed [11].
Eternal life is not merely an extended existence but a qualitative state. Adam Clarke notes that the salvation purchased by Christ is called "life" because it redeems humanity from the death to which it was exposed due to forfeited life, quickens souls dead in trespasses and sins, and enables individuals to fulfill divine purposes [8]. Those who receive this salvation are said to "live," in contrast to merely existing [8]. John 4:36 speaks of gathering fruit "unto life eternall" [3].
The resurrection of the dead is intrinsically linked to eternal life. Both the just and the unjust will be resurrected simultaneously [2]. For the righteous, this is a "resurrection of life," leading to everlasting life [7]. The qualities of the resurrection body will differ from the earthly body, becoming spiritual and adapted for a glorified state, yet its identity will be preserved [2]. Paul's pursuit of Christ and salvation was motivated by the desire to experience the resurrection from the dead, which means being saved from judgment and receiving eternal life [9, 10]. This eternal life is contrasted with "eternal death," which is the necessary consequence and wages of sin, described as banishment from God and a "lake of fire" [5].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Eternal life — This expression occurs in the Old Testament only in Dan. 12:2 (R.V., "everlasting life"). It occurs frequently in the New Testament (Matt. 7:14; 18:8, 9; Luke 10:28; comp. 18:18). It comprises the whole future of the redeemed (Luke 16:9), and is opposed to "eternal punishment" (Matt. 19:29; 25:46). It is the final reward and glory into which the children of God enter (1 Tim. 6:12, 19; Rom. 6:22; Gal. 6:8; 1 Tim. 1:16; Rom. 5:21); their Sabbath of rest (Heb. 4:9; comp. 12:22). The newness of life which the believer derives from Christ (Rom. 6:4) is the ”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Resurrection of the dead — Will be simultaneous both of the just and the unjust (Dan. 12:2; John 5:28, 29; Rom. 2:6-16; 2 Thess. 1:6-10). The qualities of the resurrection body will be different from those of the body laid in the grave (1 Cor. 15:53, 54; Phil. 3:21); but its identity will nevertheless be preserved. It will still be the same body (1 Cor. 15:42-44) which rises again. As to the nature of the resurrection body, (1) it will be spiritual (1 Cor. 15:44), i.e., a body adapted to the use of the soul in its glorified state, and to all the conditions of the hea”
- John “John 4:36 (Tyndale) — And he ye repeth receaveth rewarde and gaddereth frute vnto life eternall: that bothe he that soweth and he yt repeth myght reioyse to gether.”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Redemption — The purchase back of something that had been lost, by the payment of a ransom. The Greek word so rendered is apolutrosis, a word occurring nine times in Scripture, and always with the idea of a ransom or price paid, i.e., redemption by a lutron (see Matt. 20:28; Mark 10:45). There are instances in the LXX. Version of the Old Testament of the use of lutron in man's relation to man (Lev. 19:20; 25:51; Ex. 21:30; Num. 35:31, 32; Isa. 45:13; Prov. 6:35), and in the same sense of man's relation to God (Num. 3:49; 18:15). There are many passages in the New Tes”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Death, Eternal — The necessary consequence of sin -- Ro 6:16,21; 8:13; Jas 1:15. The wages of sin -- Ro 6:23. The portion of the wicked -- Mt 25:41,46; Ro 1:32. The way to, described -- Ps 9:17; Mt 7:13. Self-righteousness leads to -- Pr 14:12. God alone can inflict -- Mt 10:28; Jas 4:12. Is described as Banishment from God. -- 2Th 1:9. Society with the devil &c. -- Mt 25:41. A lake of fire. -- Re 19:20; 21:8. The worm that dies not. -- Mr 9:44. Outer darkness. -- Mt 25:30. A mist of darkness for ever. -- 2Pe 2:17. Indignation, wrath, &c. -- Ro 2:8,9. Is called Destr”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Redemption — Defined -- 1Co 6:20; 7:23. Is of God -- Isa 44:21-23; 43:1; Lu 1:68. Is by Christ -- Mt 20:28; Ga 3:13. Is by the blood of Christ -- Ac 20:28; Heb 9:12; 1Pe 1:19; Re 5:9. Christ sent to effect -- Ga 4:4,5. Christ is made, to us -- 1Co 1:30. Is from The bondage of the law. -- Ga 4:5. The curse of the law. -- Ga 3:13. The power of sin. -- Ro 6:18,22. The power of the grave. -- Ps 49:15. All troubles. -- Ps 25:22. All iniquity. -- Ps 130:8; Tit 2:14. All evil. -- Ge 48:16. The present evil world. -- Ga 1:4. Vain conversation. -- 1Pe 1:18. Enemies. -- Ps 106”
- John (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on John 5:29: resurrection of life--that is, to life everlasting (Mat 25:46). of damnation--It would have been harsh to say "the resurrection of death," though that is meant, for sinners rise from death to death [BENGEL]. The resurrection of both classes is an exercise of sovereign authority; but in the one case it is an act of grace, in the other of justice. (Compare Dan 12:2, from which the language is taken). How awfully grand are these unfoldings of His dignity and authority from the mouth of Christ Himself! And they are all in the third person; in what follows ”
- John (Methodist/Wesleyan) “Adam Clarke on John 17:3: This is life eternal - The salvation purchased by Christ, and given to them who believe, is called life: 1. Because the life of man was forfeited to Divine justice; and the sacrifice of Christ redeemed him from that death to which he was exposed. 2. Because the souls of men were dead in trespasses and sins; and Christ quickens them by his word and Spirit. 3. Because men who are not saved by the grace of Christ do not live, they only exist, no good purpose of life being answered by them. But when they receive this salvation they live - answer all the Divine purposes, a”
- Phil (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Phil 3:11: 3:11 To experience the resurrection from the dead is to be saved from judgment and receive eternal life (see Rev 20:4-6). Paul was aware of God’s holiness and the severity of the final judgment (Rev 20:11-15); he knew he must persevere in his pursuit of Christ and salvation (cp. Gal 5:5).”
- Philippians (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Philippians 3:11: 3:11 To experience the resurrection from the dead is to be saved from judgment and receive eternal life (see Rev 20:4-6). Paul was aware of God’s holiness and the severity of the final judgment (Rev 20:11-15); he knew he must persevere in his pursuit of Christ and salvation (cp. Gal 5:5).”
- Isaiah (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Isaiah 43:21: 43:21 One purpose of redemption is to honor God through the praises of the redeemed (see 1 Pet 2:9).”