Female Discipleship and Ministry in the Bible
The Bible records numerous instances of women actively participating in discipleship and various forms of ministry. From the Old Testament to the New, women are depicted in roles that range from prophetic leadership to direct service and evangelism.
In the Old Testament, several women were endowed with prophetic gifts, including Miriam, Deborah, Huldah, and Noadiah [6]. These figures demonstrate that God used women to communicate divine messages and lead His people.
During Jesus' earthly ministry, women were among his devoted followers. Many women "had followed Jesus from Galilee to minister to Him" [4, 5]. These women were present at significant events, including his crucifixion and resurrection [11]. The mother of Jesus, Mary, is a prominent figure, though her authentic history is concisely recorded, with many legends grouped around her [7].
In the early church, women continued to play active roles. The book of Acts notes that faithful women were present with the disciples in worship, fellowship, and prayer after Jesus' ascension [11]. The apostle Paul mentions several women who were engaged in Christian ministrations, such as Phoebe, Tryphena, Tryphosa, and Persis [1, 8]. These women are described as "laboring much in the Lord," suggesting significant contributions to the early Christian community [8]. The term "deaconess" is associated with some of these women, indicating a recognized role of service [1]. Pliny the Younger, in a letter to Trajan around A.D. 110, also makes mention of female ministers [1].
While women were active in ministry, some passages in the New Testament address specific roles and behaviors. For instance, women are instructed to learn in silence and are forbidden from teaching publicly in certain contexts [6, 10]. However, the concept of "ministers" in the Bible is broad, encompassing those "called by God," "qualified by God," and "commissioned by Christ" [3]. The "weapons of our warfare" for ministers are spiritual, not carnal [12]. The "maidens" sent forth by Wisdom in Proverbs 9:3 are interpreted by some as ministers of the Gospel, though this is understood allegorically to avoid suggesting women's preaching where it is not explicitly permitted [9, 13]. The Lord "gave the word" to his apostles, and "great was the company of those that published it," which included both men and women [14].
The New Testament also emphasizes general virtues for women, such as sobriety, especially for older women who are to teach younger women [2]. This instruction highlights the importance of women discipling other women in practical and godly living [2].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Deaconess — Rom. 16:1, 3, 12; Phil. 4:2, 3; 1 Tim. 3:11; 5:9, 10; Titus 2:3, 4). In these passages it is evident that females were then engaged in various Christian ministrations. Pliny makes mention of them also in his letter to Trajan (A.D. 110).”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Sobriety — Commanded -- 1Pe 1:13; 5:8. The gospel designed to teach -- Tit 2:11,12. With watchfulness -- 1Th 5:6. With prayer -- 1Pe 4:7. Required in Ministers. -- 1Ti 3:2,3; Tit 1:8. Wives of ministers. -- 1Ti 3:11. Aged men. -- Tit 2:2. Young men. -- Tit 2:6. Young women. -- Tit 2:4. All saints. -- 1Th 5:6,8. Women should exhibit, in dress -- 1Ti 2:9. We should estimate our character and talents with -- Ro 12:3. We should live in -- Tit 2:12. Motives to -- 1Pe 4:7; 5:8.”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Ministers — Called by God -- Ex 28:1; Heb 5:4. Qualified by God -- Isa 6:5-7; 2Co 3:5,6. Commissioned by Christ -- Mt 28:19. Sent by the Holy Spirit -- Ac 13:2,4. Have authority from God -- 2Co 10:8; 13:10. Authority of, is for edification -- 2Co 10:8; 13:10. Separated to the gospel -- Ro 1:1. Entrusted with the gospel -- 1Th 2:4. Described as Ambassadors for Christ. -- 2Co 5:20. Ministers of Christ. -- 1Co 4:1. Stewards of the mysteries of God. -- 1Co 4:1. Defenders of the faith. -- Php 1:7. The servants of Christ's people. -- 2Co 4:5. Specially protected by God -- ”
- Matthew “Matthew 27:55 (BSB) — And many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to minister to Him.”
- Mark “Mark 15:41 (BSB) — These women had followed Jesus and ministered to Him while He was in Galilee, and there were many other women who had come up to Jerusalem with Him.”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Woman — Was "taken out of man" (Gen. 2:23), and therefore the man has the preeminence. "The head of the woman is the man;" but yet honour is to be shown to the wife, "as unto the weaker vessel" (1 Cor. 11:3, 8, 9; 1 Pet. 3:7). Several women are mentioned in Scripture as having been endowed with prophetic gifts, as Miriam (Ex. 15:20), Deborah (Judg. 4:4, 5), Huldah (2 Kings 22:14), Noadiah (Neh. 6:14), Anna (Luke 2:36, 37), and the daughters of Philip the evangelist (Acts 21:8, 9). Women are forbidden to teach publicly (1 Cor. 14:34, 35; 1 Tim. 2:11, 12). Among the He”
- Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Mary The Virgin — the mother of our Lord. There is no person perhaps in sacred or profane history around whom so many legends have been grouped a the Virgin Mary; and there are few whose authentic history is more concise. She was, like Joseph, of the tribe of Judah and of the lineage of David. (Psalms 132:11; Luke 1:32; Romans 1:3) She had a sister, named, like herself, (John 19:25) and she was connected by marriage, (Luke 1:36) with Elizabeth, who was of the tribe of Levi and of the lineage of Aaron. This is all that we know of her antecedents. She was betrothed to J”
- Romans (Methodist/Wesleyan) “Adam Clarke on Romans 16:12: Tryphena and Tryphosa - Two holy women, who it seems were assistants to the apostle in his work, probably by exhorting, visiting the sick, etc. Persis was another woman, who it seems excelled the preceding; for, of her it is said, she labored much in the Lord. We learn from this, that Christian women, as well as men, labored in the ministry of the word. In those times of simplicity all persons, whether men or women, who had received the knowledge of the truth, believed it to be their duty to propagate it to the uttermost of their power. Many have spent much useless”
- Proverbs (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Proverbs 9:3: She hath sent forth her maidens,.... Not moral virtues, or good works, which subserve the interest of Christ and religion, adorn the Gospel and its professors; nor the liberal arts and sciences, said to be handmaids to divinity; nor angels, ministering spirits to Christ; but the ministers of the Gospel, who being so called does not suppose or encourage women's preaching; but have the name to keep up the decency of the parable, and the propriety of the allegory: for since Wisdom is represented as a lady, a princess or queen, it is proper that her attendants should be ”
- 1 Timothy (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on 1 Timothy 2:10: Let the woman learn in silence,.... The apostle goes on to give some other instructions to women, how they should behave themselves in public worship, in the church of God; he would have them be learners and not teachers, sit and hear, and learn more of Christ, and of the truth of the Gospel, and to maintain good works; and he would have them learn in silence, and not offer to rise and speak, under a pretence of having a word from the Lord, or of being under an impulse of the Spirit of the Lord, as some frantic women have done; and if they should meet with anything”
- Acts (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on Acts 1:14: 1:14 The first disciples were united in worship, fellowship, and prayer (see also 2:42, 46-47; 4:24-31; 5:12; 12:5; 13:1-3). The faithful women who had been witnesses of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection were present (Luke 23:49, 54-56; 24:1-10, 22). • The brothers of Jesus had not believed in him during his ministry (John 7:3-5; cp. Matt 12:46-49), but became his disciples after his resurrection.”
- 2 Corinthians (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on 2 Corinthians 10:4: For the weapons of our warfare,.... By "warfare" is here meant, not that which is common to all believers, who are enlisted as volunteers under the captain of their salvation, and fight his battles, and are more than conquerors through him; but what is peculiar to the ministers of the Gospel; and designs the ministerial function, or office, and the discharge of it. So the Levitical function, or the ministerial service of the Levites, is called "the warfare of the service", Num 8:25. The ministry of the word is so styled, because that as war is waged in defence ”
- Luke (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Luke 13:20: It is like leaven,.... Which is small in quantity, but is of a swelling, spreading quality; and fitly expresses the small beginnings of the Gospel ministry, and its increase, also the state and case of Gospel churches, and the nature of the grace of God; unless false doctrine should rather be meant, which privately, secretly, and by little and little, got into the churches of Christ, the kingdom of God, and spread itself all over them, as in the times of the papacy: which a woman took; Christ, and his ministers, Wisdom, and her maidens, understanding it of the Gospel”
- Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 68:11: The Lord gave the word,.... The word of the Gospel to his apostles. He committed the word of reconciliation to them; he intrusted them with it, as a sacred depositum; he gave gifts unto them, qualifying them for the ministration of it; he gave them a commission to preach it; and he gave them a door of utterance to speak it as it should be, and an opportunity to publish it. The Targum wrongly interprets it of the word of the law; great was the company of those that published it; there were in our Lord's time twelve apostles and seventy disciples, who were sent out t”