God's Spirit In Humans Made In God's Image
The concept of humanity being made in God's image is foundational to biblical anthropology, with Genesis 1:27 stating, "God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them" [1]. This creation was a deliberate act of the Godhead, involving the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit [4]. While the term "man" (Hebrew adam) can refer to the first human or humanity generically [3], the creation account emphasizes a unique relationship between God and humankind.
The "image of God" (imago Dei) is primarily understood as residing in the human soul, endowing humanity with reason and intelligence that distinguish it from other creatures [5, 10]. Charles Hodge describes this image as encompassing reason, conscience, and will, making humans rational, moral, and free agents. This conformity of nature allows for communion between humanity and its Creator [6]. Augustine similarly emphasizes the soul's endowment with reason and intelligence as the core of the imago Dei [5].
The Holy Spirit plays a crucial role in both the original creation and the ongoing renewal of this image. The work of creation is attributed not only to the Godhead generally and to the Father and Son specifically, but also to the Holy Spirit [4]. Job 33:4 states, "The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life," indicating the Spirit's active involvement in forming humanity [2]. This suggests that the very life and spiritual capacity of humans are intimately connected to the divine Spirit.
Early Christian thinkers further elaborated on the Spirit's role. Irenaeus, for instance, taught that "by the hands of the Father, that is, by the Son and the Holy Spirit, man, and not [merely] a part of man, was made in the likeness of God" [14]. This highlights the Trinitarian involvement in shaping humanity in God's image, with the Holy Spirit being integral to the process. Tertullian also connected the imitation of God with being "filled with the Spirit of God who dwells in the images of virtue" [12].
While humanity was created upright and innocent [13], the image of God was marred by sin. However, Christian theology teaches that this image is not entirely lost but can be renewed. The Apostle Paul speaks of the "new man... which is being renewed in knowledge after the image of him that created him" (Colossians 3:10) [9]. This renewal is a progressive process, moving towards a perfect knowledge of God [9]. Augustine discusses this renewal as a turning to the Lord from worldly conformity, where the image begins to be "formed again by Him by whom it had been formed at first" [8]. This process of renewal is often understood as the work of the Holy Spirit, restoring humanity to its intended likeness to God.
It is important to distinguish the human spirit from the divine essence. John Calvin strongly rejected the idea that the human soul is "of the essence of God, or a secret influx of divinity," calling such a notion "monstrous." Instead, he argued that humans are God's "offspring... not in substance, however, but in quality, in as much as he has adorned us with divine endowments" [7]. The imago Dei signifies a qualitative resemblance and capacity for relationship, not a sharing in God's divine substance.
Thomas Aquinas considered the intellectual nature to be the primary aspect of the image of God, noting that angels possess this image more perfectly than humans due to their superior intellectual nature [11]. However, the human capacity for reason, morality, and free will, given by God, remains central to understanding what it means to be made in God's image [6]. The Holy Spirit's ongoing work in believers is to restore and perfect these divine endowments, guiding them into a deeper conformity with Christ, who is the perfect image of God.
Sources
- Genesis “God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them. -- Genesis 1:27”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Man — Made for God -- Pr 16:4; Re 4:11. God's purpose in creation completed by making -- Ge 2:5,7. Cannot profit God -- Job 22:2; Ps 16:2. Unworthy of God's favour -- Job 7:17; Ps 8:4. Created By God. -- Ge 1:27; Isa 45:12. By Christ. -- Joh 1:3; Col 1:16. By the Holy Spirit. -- Job 33:4. After consultation, by the Trinity. -- Ge 1:26. On the sixth day. -- Ge 1:31. Upon the earth. -- De 4:32; Job 20:4. From the dust. -- Ge 2:7; Job 33:6. In the image of God. -- Ge 1:26,27; 1Co 11:7. After the likeness of God. -- Ge 1:26; Jas 3:9. Male and female. -- Ge 1:27; 5:2. A l”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Man — (1.) Heb. Adam, used as the proper name of the first man. The name is derived from a word meaning "to be red," and thus the first man was called Adam because he was formed from the red earth. It is also the generic name of the human race (Gen. 1:26, 27; 5:2; 8:21; Deut. 8:3). Its equivalents are the Latin homo and the Greek anthropos (Matt. 5:13, 16). It denotes also man in opposition to woman (Gen. 3:12; Matt. 19:10). (2.) Heb. ish, like the Latin vir and Greek aner, denotes properly a man in opposition to a woman (1 Sam. 17:33; Matt. 14:21); a husband (Gen. 3”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Creation — "In the beginning" God created, i.e., called into being, all things out of nothing. This creative act on the part of God was absolutely free, and for infinitely wise reasons. The cause of all things exists only in the will of God. The work of creation is attributed (1) to the Godhead (Gen. 1:1, 26); (2) to the Father (1 Cor. 8:6); (3) to the Son (John 1:3; Col. 1:16, 17); (4) to the Holy Spirit (Gen. 1:2; Job 26:13; Ps. 104:30). The fact that he is the Creator distinguishes Jehovah as the true God (Isa. 37:16; 40:12, 13; 54:5; Ps. 96:5; Jer. 10:11, 12). Th”
- Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “NPNF1 Vol 2: Augustine — City of God, Christian Doctrine — CHAP. 23.--OF THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN SOUL CREATED IN THE IMAGE OF GOD.: God, then, made man in His own image. For He created for him a soul endowed with reason and intelligence, so that he might excel all the creatures of earth, air, and sea, which were not so gifted. And when He had formed the man out of the dust of the earth, and had willed that his soul should be such as I have said,--whether He had already made it, and now by breathing imparted it to man, or rather made it by breathing, so that that breath which God made by breath”
- CCEL (Reformed (Old Princeton)) “Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology, Vol. 2, section 24: are reason, conscience, and will. A spirit is a rational, moral, and therefore also, a free agent. In making man after his own image, therefore, God endowed him with those attributes which belong to his own nature as a spirit. Man is thereby distinguished from all other inhabitants of this world, and raised immeasurably above them. He belongs to the same order of being as God Himself, and is therefore capable of communion with his Maker. This conformity of nature between man and God, is not only the distinguishing prerogative of humanity,”
- CCEL (Reformed) “John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, section 31: these things must be attributed to the divine nature, if we hold that the soul is of the essence of God, or a secret influx of divinity. Who does not shudder at a thing so monstrous? Paul, indeed, quoting from Aratus, tells us we are his offspring ( Acts 17:28 ); not in substance, however, but in quality, in as much as he has adorned us with divine endowments. Meanwhile, to lacerate the essence of the Creator, in order to assign a portion to each individual, is the height of madness. It must, therefore, be held as certain, that sou”
- Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “NPNF1 Vol 3: Augustine — On the Holy Trinity — CHAP. 16.--HOW THE IMAGE OF GOD IS FORMED (part 1): ANEW IN MAN. 22. But those who, by being reminded, are turned to the Lord from that deformity whereby they were through worldly lusts conformed to this world, are formed anew from the world, when they hearken to the apostle, saying," Be not conformed to this world, but be ye formed again in the renewing of your mind;"(1) that that image may begin to be formed again by Him by whom it had been formed at first. For that image cannot form itself again, as it could deform itself. He says again elsewhe”
- Colossians (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Colossians 3:10: the new man--(See on Eph 4:23). Here (neon) the Greek, means "the recently-put-on nature"; that lately received at regeneration (see on Eph 4:23-24). which is renewed--Greek, "which is being renewed" (anakainottmenou); namely, its development into a perfectly renewed nature is continually progressing to completion. in knowledge--rather as the Greek, "unto perfect knowledge" (see on Col 1:6; Col 1:9-10). Perfect knowledge of God excludes all sin (Joh 17:3). after the image of him that created him--namely, of God that created the new man (Eph 2”
- CCEL (Reformed) “John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, section 31: 3. A strong proof of this point may be gathered from its being said, that man was created in the image of God. For though the divine glory is displayed in man’s outward appearance, it cannot be doubted that the proper seat of the image is in the soul. I deny not, indeed, that external shape, in so far as it distinguishes and separates us from the lower animals, brings us nearer to God; nor will I vehemently oppose any who may choose to include under the image of God that “While the mute creation downward bend Their sight, and to th”
- theology (Catholic (Scholastic)) “Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part (Prima Pars), The End or Term of the Production of Man, Art. 3: Article: Whether the angels are more to the image of God than man is? I answer that, We may speak of God's image in two ways. First, we may consider in it that in which the image chiefly consists, that is, the intellectual nature. Thus the image of God is more perfect in the angels than in man, because their intellectual nature is more perfect, as is clear from what has been said (Question [58], Article [3]; Question [79], Article [8]). Secondly, we may consider the image of God in man as rega”
- Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “ANF Vol 4: Tertullian IV, Minucius Felix, Commodian, Origen — CHAP. XVIII.: And every one who imitates Him according to his ability, does by this very endeavour raise a statue according to the image of the Creator for in the contemplation of God with a pure heart they become imitators of Him. And, in general, we see that all Christians strive to raise altars and statues as we have described them and these not of a lifeless and senseless kind and not to receive greedy spirits intent upon lifeless things, but to be filled with the Spirit of God who dwells in the images of virtue of which we have”
- Ecclesiastes (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Ecclesiastes 7:29: Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright,.... The first man Adam, as the Targum and Jarchi interpret it; and not Adam only, but Eve also with him; for these were both made by the Lord, and on the same day, and in the same image, and had the same common name of Adam given them, Gen 1:27; And they were both made "upright"; which is to be understood, not of the erectness of their bodies, but of the disposition of their minds; they were "right and innocent before him,'' or in the sight of God, as the Targum; which is best explained by their bei”
- Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “ANF Vol 1: Clement, Polycarp, Ignatius, Barnabas, Papias, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus — CHAP. VI.--GOD WILL BESTOW SALVATION UPON THE WHOLE NATURE OF MAN, CONSISTING OF BODY AND SOUL IN CLOSE UNION, SINCE THE WORD TOOK IT UPON HIM, AND ADORNED WITH THE GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT, OF WHOM O (part 1): 1. Now God shall be glorified in His handiwork, fitting it so as to be conformable to, and modelled after, His own Son. For by the hands of the Father, that is, by the Son and the Holy Spirit, man, and not [merely] a part of man, was made in the likeness of God. Now the soul and the spirit are certainly ”