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Meaning of Pulse in Daniel's Diet

The Hebrew term translated as "pulse" in older English versions of Daniel 1:12 and 1:16 (KJV) refers to vegetable food in general, specifically seeds or grains [1, 2, 4]. The original Hebrew word, hazzeraim (הזרעים), literally means "seeds" or "grain" [5].

While "pulse" can denote peas, beans, and other seeds that grow in pods [2], the context in Daniel suggests a broader meaning of uncooked grain or vegetable-based foods [2, 4]. Adam Clarke specifies that this could include barley, wheat, rye, and peas [5]. Rashi, a medieval Jewish commentator, interpreted "pulse" as a type of beans [6].

Daniel and his companions requested this diet instead of the king's rich food and wine [3]. Their motivation was to avoid defiling themselves, likely because the king's food might not have adhered to Levitical dietary laws or could have been offered to idols [9, 10]. After ten days on this diet, Daniel and his friends appeared healthier and better nourished than those who ate the king's provisions, which was attributed to a special blessing from God [5, 7]. This period of abstaining from usual food and drink is also seen in other instances of Daniel's mourning and fasting [8].

Sources

  1. Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Pulse — (Dan. 1:12, 16), R.V. "herbs," vegetable food in general.”
  2. Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Pulse — (seeds) usually means peas, beans and the seeds that grow in pods. In the Authorized Version it occurs only in (Lamentations 1:12,16) as the translation of words the literal meaning of which is "seeds" of any kind. Probably the term denotes uncooked grain of any kind, as barley wheat, millet, vetches, etc.”
  3. Daniel “So the steward took away their dainties, and the wine that they should drink, and gave them pulse. -- Daniel 1:16”
  4. Daniel (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Daniel 1:12: pulse--The Hebrew expresses any vegetable grown from seeds, that is, vegetable food in general [GESENIUS].”
  5. Daniel (Methodist/Wesleyan) “Adam Clarke on Daniel 1:12: Give us pulse to eat - הזרעים hazzeraim, seeds or grain, such as barley, wheat, rye, and peas, etc. Though a vegetable diet might have produced that healthiness of the system in general, and of the countenance particularly, as mentioned here; yet we are to understand that there was an especial blessing of God in this, because this spare diet was taken on a religious account.”
  6. Sefaria (Jewish (Rabbinic)) “Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki) on Daniel 1:12: some pulse a type of beans instead of the food.”
  7. Daniel (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Daniel 1:15: And at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer, and fatter in flesh,.... At the time fixed for the trial of them, when they came to be examined, they appeared to be of a better complexion, and a more healthful look, and even plumper and fatter, with good solid flesh, and not swelled up as persons in a dropsy: than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat: who appeared at the same time, and were compared with them, being under the care of the same persons: now this was owing to the blessing of divine Providence, as Jacchiades obser”
  8. Daniel (Lutheran) “Keil & Delitzsch on Daniel 10:2: Dan 10:2, Dan 10:3 introduce the following revelation by a statement of the occasion of it. ההם בּימים refers back to the date named in Dan 10:1. The ימים after שׁבעים does not serve to designate the three weeks as common day-weeks, in contrast to the שׁבעים of Dan 9:24., but is an accusative subordinated to the definition of time which expresses the idea of continuance: three weeks long, or three whole weeks, as Gen 41:1; cf. Gesen. Gramm. 118, 3. For three weeks Daniel mourned and fasted, i.e., abstained from the usual food. חמות לחם, precious food, delicacie”
  9. Daniel (Lutheran) “Keil & Delitzsch on Daniel 1:8: The command of the king, that the young men should be fed with the food and wine from the king's table, was to Daniel and his friends a test of their fidelity to the Lord and to His law, like that to which Joseph was subjected in Egypt, corresponding to the circumstances in which he was placed, of his fidelity to God (Gen 39:7.). The partaking of the food brought to them from the king's table was to them contaminating, because forbidden by law; not so much because the food was not prepared according to the Levitical ordinance, or perhaps consisted of the flesh o”
  10. Daniel (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Daniel 1:8: But Daniel purposed in his heart,.... It being proposed to him to be brought up in the manner before described, he revolved it in his mind; he well weighed it, and considered it with himself, and came to a resolution about it. This is to be understood of him, not to the exclusion of his three companions, who were of the same mind with him, as appears by what follows; but perhaps it was first thought of by him; at least he first moved it to them, to which they consented; and because he was the principal in this affair, it is ascribed to him as his purpose and resolution”
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