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Reflections of God's Sovereignty and Goodness in Human Affairs

The sovereignty and goodness of God are frequently reflected in human affairs, as evidenced throughout the biblical narrative and theological reflection. The Psalmist calls for people to "consider the works of God; he is awesome in his dealings with the children of humankind" [1]. This invitation to observe God's actions in the world highlights a fundamental aspect of divine interaction with humanity.

God's goodness is understood as a perfection of His character, which He extends to His creatures in various circumstances [4]. This goodness is described as great, rich, abundant, satisfying, and enduring [6]. It is also universal, as seen in Matthew 5:45, where God "makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust" [6]. This benevolence is manifested in supplying temporal needs, providing for the poor, and forgiving sins [6]. When exercised in response to human suffering, it is called mercy, pity, and compassion. When extended to the undeserving, it is grace [4]. The Psalmist repeatedly urges praise for the Lord's goodness and His "wonderful works to the children of men" [2, 3]. John Gill, a Baptist/Reformed commentator, notes that God's lovingkindness is "good," as evidenced by its effects, such as placing all things into Christ's hands and appointing Him as Savior [14].

The works of God, which demonstrate both His sovereignty and goodness, are described as "great" [12]. These include the acts of creation, the sustaining of all beings, and the governance of the world [12, 15]. The Jamieson, Fausset & Brown commentary emphasizes that God's "great power and goodness are the grounds of this confidence," illustrated by His control over natural forces and nations [10]. Matthew Henry, a Nonconformist/Puritan commentator, suggests that while God's glory is evident in creation, it is "much more in and by divine revelation," which serves to recover humanity from its fallen state [11]. The "fall of man," as recorded in Genesis 2 and 3, describes the revolt of the first parents from God, leading to sin and misery for all humanity [9]. Despite this, God's subsequent dealings with humanity continue to reflect His overarching plan [9].

God's wisdom is another attribute that underpins His sovereign actions in human affairs. It is described as perfect, mighty, universal, infinite, and unsearchable [8]. This wisdom is exhibited in His works and is the source of all human wisdom [8]. The concept of election, for instance, demonstrates God's sovereign choice, whether of individuals for office, nations for special privileges, or individuals for eternal life [7]. This election is grounded in "the good pleasure of God" [7].

The joy of God over His people is also a reflection of His goodness and sovereignty [5]. This joy is described as great and is associated with their repentance, faith, fear of Him, and uprightness [5]. God's delight in His people leads Him to prosper them, do them good, deliver them, and comfort them [5]. John Gill interprets "goodness and mercy" as continually following believers, flowing from God's free grace and love [13]. These are not merely temporal blessings but also encompass the enduring favor of God [13].

Sources

  1. Psalms “Psalms 66:5 (LEB) — Come and ⌞consider⌟ the works of God; he is awesome in his dealings with the children of humankind.”
  2. Psalms “Psalms 107:31 (Webster) — Oh that [men] would praise the LORD [for] his goodness, and [for] his wonderful works to the children of men!”
  3. Psalms “Psalms 107:8 (Webster) — Oh that [men] would praise the LORD [for] his goodness, and [for] his wonderful works to the children of men!”
  4. Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Goodness of God — A perfection of his character which he exercises towards his creatures according to their various circumstances and relations (Ps. 145:8, 9; 103:8; 1 John 4:8). Viewed generally, it is benevolence; as exercised with respect to the miseries of his creatures it is mercy, pity, compassion, and in the case of impenitent sinners, long-suffering patience; as exercised in communicating favour on the unworthy it is grace. "Goodness and justice are the several aspects of one unchangeable, infinitely wise, and sovereign moral perfection. God is not sometimes ”
  5. Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Joy of God Over His People, The — Greatness of, described -- Zep 3:17. On account of their Repentance. -- Lu 15:7,10. Faith. -- Heb 11:5,6. Fear of him. -- Ps 147:11. Praying to him. -- Pr 15:8. Hope in his mercy. -- Ps 147:11. Meekness. -- Ps 149:4. Uprightness. -- 1Ch 29:17; Pr 11:20. Leads to him Prosper them. -- De 30:9. Do them good. -- De 28:63; Jer 32:41. Deliver them. -- 2Sa 22:20. Comfort them. -- Isa 65:19. Give them the inheritance. -- Nu 14:8. Illustrated -- Isa 62:5; Lu 15:23,24. Exemplified Solomon. -- 1Ki 10:9.”
  6. Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Goodness of God, The — Is part of his character -- Ps 25:8; Na 1:7; Mt 19:17. Declared to be Great. -- Ne 9:35; Zec 9:17. Rich. -- Ps 104:24; Ro 2:4. Abundant. -- Ex 34:6; Ps 33:5. Satisfying. -- Ps 65:4; Jer 31:12,14. Enduring. -- Ps 23:6; 52:1. Universal. -- Ps 145:9; Mt 5:45. Manifested To his Church. -- Ps 31:19; La 3:25. In doing good. -- Ps 119:68; 145:9. In supplying temporal wants. -- Ac 14:17. In providing for the poor. -- Ps 68:10. In forgiving sins. -- 2Ch 30:18; Ps 86:5. Leads to repentance. -- Ro 2:4. Recognise, in his dealings. -- Ezr 8:18; Ne 2:18. Pra”
  7. Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Election of Grace — The Scripture speaks (1) of the election of individuals to office or to honour and privilege, e.g., Abraham, Jacob, Saul, David, Solomon, were all chosen by God for the positions they held; so also were the apostles. (2) There is also an election of nations to special privileges, e.g., the Hebrews (Deut. 7:6; Rom. 9:4). (3) But in addition there is an election of individuals to eternal life (2 Thess. 2:13; Eph. 1:4; 1 Pet. 1:2; John 13:18). The ground of this election to salvation is the good pleasure of God (Eph. 1:5, 11; Matt. 11:25, 26; John 15”
  8. Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Wisdom of God, The — Is one of his attributes -- 1Sa 2:3; Job 9:4. Described as Perfect. -- Job 36:4; 37:16. Mighty. -- Job 36:5. Universal. -- Job 28:24; Da 2:22; Ac 15:18. Infinite. -- Ps 147:5; Ro 11:33. Unsearchable. -- Isa 40:28; Ro 11:33. Wonderful. -- Ps 139:6. Beyond human comprehension. -- Ps 139:6. Incomparable. -- Isa 44:7; Jer 10:7. Underived. -- Job 21:22; Isa 40:14. The gospel contains treasures of -- 1Co 2:7. Wisdom of saints is derived from -- Ezr 7:25. All human wisdom derived from -- Da 2:1. Saints ascribe to him -- Da 2:20. Exhibited in His works. ”
  9. Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Fall of man — An expression probably borrowed from the Apocryphal Book of Wisdom, to express the fact of the revolt of our first parents from God, and the consequent sin and misery in which they and all their posterity were involved. The history of the Fall is recorded in Gen. 2 and 3. That history is to be literally interpreted. It records facts which underlie the whole system of revealed truth. It is referred to by our Lord and his apostles not only as being true, but as furnishing the ground of all God's subsequent dispensations and dealings with the children of m”
  10. Psalms (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Psalms 65:6: God's great power and goodness are the grounds of this confidence. These are illustrated in His control of the mightiest agencies of nature and nations affecting men with awe and dread (Psa 26:7; Psa 98:1, &c.), and in His fertilizing showers, causing the earth to produce abundantly for man and beast.”
  11. Psalms (Nonconformist/Puritan) “Matthew Henry on Psalms 19:7: God's glory, (that is, his goodness to man) appears much in the works of creation, but much more in and by divine revelation. The holy scripture, as it is a rule both of our duty to God and of our expectation from him, is of much greater use and benefit to us than day or night, than the air we breathe in, or the light of the sun. The discoveries made of God by his works might have served if man had retained his integrity; but, to recover him out of his fallen state, another course must be taken; that must be done by the word of God. And here, 1. The psalmist gives”
  12. Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 111:2: The works of the Lord are great,.... His works of creation are great, being made out of nothing, are the effects of great power, and the produce of great wisdom, and which greatly display the glory of their Maker; the works of providence are great, which are daily wrought, especially such as concern the church and people of God, for whom he does great things, whereof they have reason to be glad and praise his name; the miracles of Christ he wrought here on earth were surprisingly great, some of them such as had not keen known from the creation of the world; and yet g”
  13. Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 23:6: Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me,.... Either the free grace, love, favour, and mercy of God in Christ, which endures continually, and is always the same from everlasting to everlasting; or the effects of it; and these either temporal good things, which flow from the goodness and mercy of God, and not the merits of men; and which are in great mercy and loving kindness bestowed on his people, and which follow them: they do not anxiously seek after them; but seeking the kingdom of God and his righteousness, these are added to them, they trusting in the Lord, and”
  14. Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 69:16: Hear me, O Lord; for thy lovingkindness is good,.... His lovingkindness to him, not only as his Son, but as Mediator; and which is a love of complacency and delight, and was from eternity, and will be to eternity: and this is "good", as appears by the effects and evidences of it; such as putting all things into his hands, showing him all that he does, concealing and keeping nothing from him, appointing him to be the Saviour of his people, the Head of the church, and the Judge of the world; and this lovingkindness shown to him is a reason why he might expect to be hea”
  15. Psalms (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Psalms 150:2: Praise him for his mighty acts,.... The creation of all things out of nothing; the sustaining of all beings; the government of the world; the redemption of man by Christ, and the wonderful works done by him on earth; the work of grace upon the hearts of his people, and the preservation of them in grace to glory; praise him according to his excellent greatness; or, "according to the multitude of his greatness" (t); which appears in his nature, perfections, and work, and these both of providence and grace; and in proportion hereunto, and according to the abilities of”
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