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Shem's Reaction to Noah's Drunkenness in Genesis

Shem, the eldest son of Noah [1, 2], responded to his father's drunkenness and nakedness by respectfully covering him, an act that contrasted sharply with his brother Ham's behavior. After the flood, Noah became a farmer and planted a vineyard. He drank wine, became intoxicated, and lay uncovered within his tent [3].

Ham, the father of Canaan, "saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside" [3]. In contrast, Shem and Japheth "took the garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness" [3]. This action by Shem and Japheth is consistently interpreted as an act of piety and respect [1, 9].

The narrative highlights the differing characters of Noah's sons, which tradition views as foreshadowing the future development of humanity [5]. Noah, upon waking, pronounced a blessing upon Shem and Japheth and a curse upon Canaan, Ham's son [4, 9]. This prophetic blessing underscored Shem's preeminence [2].

The Babylonian Talmud notes the repeated use of the conversive vav in the Genesis passage concerning wine, emphasizing the sequence of events leading to Noah's drunkenness and subsequent uncovering [3]. Commentators like John Gill emphasize that the genealogy of Shem is particularly significant because the Hebrews, among whom the church of God and true religion were preserved, descended from him, and the Messiah was to come through his line [7]. Abraham Ibn Ezra suggests that the mention of Japheth as Shem's brother also indicates Japheth's worthy character [8].

The patristic writer Clement of Alexandria uses the imagery of drunkenness to describe those who are gluttonous and voluptuous, suggesting that their reasoning faculty is not in the head but "among the intestinal appetites, enslaved to lust and anger" [6]. This reflects a broader understanding of the moral implications of Noah's actions and his sons' reactions.

Sources

  1. Smith's Bible Dictionary “Smith's Bible Dictionary: Shem — (name), the eldest son of Noah. (Genesis 5:32) He was 98 years old, married, and childless at the time of the flood. After it, he, with his father, brothers, sisters-in-law and wife, received the blessing of God, (Genesis 9:1) and entered into the covenant. With the help of his brother Japheth, he covered the nakedness of their father and received the first blessing. (Genesis 9:25-27) He died at the age of 630 years. The portion of the earth occupied by the descendants of Shem, (Genesis 10:21,31) begins at its northwestern extremity with Lydia, and includes Syr”
  2. Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Shem — A name; renown, the first mentioned of the sons of Noah (Gen. 5:32; 6:10). He was probably the eldest of Noah's sons. The words "brother of Japheth the elder" in Gen. 10:21 are more correctly rendered "the elder brother of Japheth," as in the Revised Version. Shem's name is generally mentioned first in the list of Noah's sons. He and his wife were saved in the ark (7:13). Noah foretold his preeminence over Canaan (9:23-27). He died at the age of six hundred years, having been for many years contemporary with Abraham, according to the usual chronology. The Isra”
  3. Babylonian Talmud (Jewish (Rabbinic)) “Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 70a.17: A visitor from the Galilee expounded: The conversive vav is stated thirteen times in the passage concerning wine, as it is stated: “And Noah began [ vayyaḥel ] to be a farmer, and he planted [ vayyita ] a vineyard, and he drank [ vayyesht ] of the wine, and was drunk [ vayyishkar ]; and he was uncovered [ vayyitgal ] within his tent. And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw [ vayyar ] the nakedness of his father, and told [ vayyagged ] his two brothers outside. And Shem and Japheth took [ vayyikaḥ ] the garment, and laid it [ vayyasimu ] upon both their shoulders”
  4. Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “ANF Vol 1: Clement, Polycarp, Ignatius, Barnabas, Papias, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus — CHAP. CXXXIX.--THE BLESSINGS, AND ALSO THE CURSE, PRONOUNCED BY NOAH WERE PROPHECIES OF THE FUTURE. (part 1): "For another mystery was accomplished and predicted in the days of Noah, of which you are 269 not aware. It is this: in the blessings wherewith Noah blessed his two sons, and in the curse pronounced on his son's son. For the Spirit of prophecy would not curse the son that had been by God blessed along with [his brothers]. But since the punishment of the sin would cleave to the whole descent of the son t”
  5. Genesis (Lutheran) “Keil & Delitzsch on Genesis 9:18: The second occurrence in the life of Noah after the flood exhibited the germs of the future development of the human race in a threefold direction, as manifested in the characters of his three sons. As all the families and races of man descend from them, their names are repeated in Gen 9:18; and in prospective allusion to what follows, it is added that "Ham was the father of Canaan." From these three "the earth (the earth's population) spread itself out." "The earth" is used for the population of the earth, as in Gen 10:25 and Gen 11:1, and just as lands or ci”
  6. Schaff ANF/NPNF (Patristic) “ANF Vol 2: Hermas, Tatian, Theophilus, Athenagoras, Clement of Alexandria — CHAP. II.--ON DRINKING. (part 10): numbered before the wandering star, his head resting on his breast, seems to be a type of the gluttonous, the voluptuous, and those that are prone to drunkenness. For in such[6] the faculty of reasoning is not situated in the head, but among the intestinal appetites, enslaved to lust and anger. For just as Elpenor broke his neck through intoxication,[7] so the brain, dizzied by drunkenness, falls down from above, with a great fall to the liver and the heart, that is, to voluptuousness”
  7. Genesis (Baptist/Reformed) “John Gill on Genesis 10:21: Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber,.... And for the sake of those Shem is particularly said to be the father of, is this genealogy given, and indeed the whole book of Genesis wrote: Eber was the great-grandson of Shem, and is here spoken of by anticipation, and Shem is called not the father of either of his immediate sons, but of the posterity of this man; because the Hebrews sprung from him in his line, among whom the church of God and the true religion were preserved, and from whom the Messiah was to come, as he did: the word Eber, Jarchi inter”
  8. Sefaria (Jewish (Rationalist)) “Abraham Ibn Ezra on Genesis 10:21: Scripture notes that Shem was the brother of Japheth the elder 20 This is the literal meaning of achi yefet ha-gadol . From the text it is not clear whether Japheth or Shem was the elder; the grammatical construction is such that elder may apply to either. I.E. is trying to explain why Scripture tells us that Shem was Japheth’s brother, but does not say the same about Ham. to teach us that Japheth, too, was a worthy person. The Bible lists Shem, who was the youngest, before Japheth, 21 The Bible lists Noah’s sons as Shem, Ham and Japheth (Gen. 5:32; 6:10). Ac”
  9. Genesis (Methodist/Wesleyan) “Adam Clarke on Genesis 9:22: And Ham, the father of Canaan, etc. - There is no occasion to enter into any detail here; the sacred text is circumstantial enough. Ham, and very probably his son Canaan, had treated their father on this occasion with contempt or reprehensible levity. Had Noah not been innocent, as my exposition supposes him, God would not have endued him with the spirit of prophecy on this occasion, and testified such marked disapprobation of their conduct. The conduct of Shem and Japheth was such as became pious and affectionate children, who appear to have been in the habit of t”
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