Sovereign Grace and Human Rebellion in Scripture
God's sovereignty refers to His absolute right to do all things according to His own good pleasure [9]. This divine prerogative is evident throughout Scripture, from His election of individuals and nations to specific roles and privileges, to His ultimate choice of individuals for eternal life [1]. Passages like Ephesians 1:5, 11 and Matthew 11:25-26 highlight that this election is grounded in God's good pleasure [1]. The concept of grace is closely tied to God's sovereignty, described as sovereign in Scripture [4]. It is through grace that believers serve God acceptably [5] and find help in times of need [6].
Despite God's sovereign grace, human rebellion is a recurring theme in the biblical narrative. Rebellion against God is forbidden and provokes Him [3]. It is exhibited in unbelief, rejecting God's government, revolting from Him, despising His law and counsels, distrusting His power, murmuring against Him, refusing to listen, and departing from Him [3]. For instance, Nehemiah 9:17 recounts how the Israelites "refused to obey, neither were they mindful of your wonders... but hardened their neck, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage" [2]. This rebellion is seen as a contempt of God, despising Him whom angels adore [12]. Job 34:37 states that a person "adds rebellion to his sin" and "multiplies his words against God" [8]. Psalms 5:10 calls for the guilty to fall by their own counsels because "they have rebelled against you" [7].
The Bible also illustrates that God sometimes allows or even orchestrates the consequences of human rebellion. For example, God can hand people over to the power of the sin or deception they have desired in place of the truth, as seen in Romans 1:24, 26, 28 and 2 Thessalonians 2:11 [11]. This judicial abandonment to the hardening influence of sin is also noted in Romans 9:18 [13]. The fall of humanity, recorded in Genesis 2 and 3, describes the revolt of the first parents from God, leading to sin and misery for all their descendants [10]. This event is foundational to understanding God's subsequent dealings with humanity [10].
Sources
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Election of Grace — The Scripture speaks (1) of the election of individuals to office or to honour and privilege, e.g., Abraham, Jacob, Saul, David, Solomon, were all chosen by God for the positions they held; so also were the apostles. (2) There is also an election of nations to special privileges, e.g., the Hebrews (Deut. 7:6; Rom. 9:4). (3) But in addition there is an election of individuals to eternal life (2 Thess. 2:13; Eph. 1:4; 1 Pet. 1:2; John 13:18). The ground of this election to salvation is the good pleasure of God (Eph. 1:5, 11; Matt. 11:25, 26; John 15”
- Nehemiah “and refused to obey, neither were they mindful of your wonders that you did among them, but hardened their neck, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to return to their bondage. But you are a God ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and abundant in loving kindness, and didn’t forsake them. -- Nehemiah 9:17”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Rebellion Against God — Forbidden -- Nu 14:9; Jos 22:19. Provokes God -- Nu 16:30; Ne 9:26. Provokes Christ -- Ex 23:20,21; 1Co 10:9. Vexes the Holy Spirit -- Isa 63:10. Exhibited in Unbelief. -- De 9:23; Ps 106:24,25. Rejecting his government. -- 1Sa 8:7; 15:23. Revolting from him. -- Isa 1:5; 31:6. Despising his law. -- Ne 9:26. Despising his counsels. -- Ps 107:11. Distrusting his power. -- Eze 17:15. Murmuring against him. -- Nu 20:3,10. Refusing to hearken to him. -- De 9:23; Eze 20:8; Zec 7:11. Departing from him. -- Isa 59:13. Rebellion against governors appoi”
- Torrey's Topical Textbook “Torrey's Topical Textbook: Grace — God is the God of all -- 1Pe 5:10. God is the Giver of -- Ps 84:11; Jas 1:17. God's throne, the throne of -- Heb 4:16. The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of -- Zec 12:10; Heb 10:29. Was upon Christ -- Lu 2:40; Joh 3:24. Christ spoke with -- Ps 45:2; Lu 4:22. Christ was full of -- Joh 1:14. Came by Christ -- Joh 1:17; Ro 5:15. Given by Christ -- 1Co 1:4. Foretold by the prophets -- 1Pe 1:10. Riches of, exhibited in God's kindness through Christ -- Eph 2:7. Glory of, exhibited in our acceptance in Christ -- Eph 1:6. Is described as Great. -- Ac 4:33. Sovereign. -- R”
- Hebrews “Therefore, receiving a Kingdom that can’t be shaken, let us have grace, through which we serve God acceptably, with reverence and awe, -- Hebrews 12:28”
- Hebrews “Let us therefore draw near with boldness to the throne of grace, that we may receive mercy, and may find grace for help in time of need. -- Hebrews 4:16”
- Psalms “Hold them guilty, God. Let them fall by their own counsels; Thrust them out in the multitude of their transgressions, for they have rebelled against you. -- Psalms 5:10”
- Job “For he adds rebellion to his sin. He claps his hands among us, and multiplies his words against God.” -- Job 34:37”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Sovereignty — Of God, his absolute right to do all things according to his own good pleasure (Dan. 4:25, 35; Rom. 9:15-23; 1 Tim. 6:15; Rev. 4:11).”
- Easton's Bible Dictionary “Easton's Bible Dictionary: Fall of man — An expression probably borrowed from the Apocryphal Book of Wisdom, to express the fact of the revolt of our first parents from God, and the consequent sin and misery in which they and all their posterity were involved. The history of the Fall is recorded in Gen. 2 and 3. That history is to be literally interpreted. It records facts which underlie the whole system of revealed truth. It is referred to by our Lord and his apostles not only as being true, but as furnishing the ground of all God's subsequent dispensations and dealings with the children of m”
- 2 Thessalonians (Protestant academic) “Tyndale House on 2 Thessalonians 2:11: 2:11 As seen elsewhere in Scripture (Exod 9:12; 2 Chr 18:22), God sometimes hands people over to the power of the sin or deception they have desired in place of the truth (Rom 1:24, 26, 28; 11:8).”
- Proverbs (Nonconformist/Puritan) “Matthew Henry on Proverbs 14:2: Here are, 1. Grace and sin in their true colours. Grace reigning is a reverence of God, and gives honour to him who is infinitely great and high, and to whom all honour is due, than which what is more becoming or should be more pleasing to the rational creature? Sin reigning is no less than a contempt of God. In this, more than in any thing, sin appears exceedingly sinful, that it despises God, whom angels adore. Those that despise God's precepts, and will not be ruled by them, his promises, and will not accept of them, despise God himself and all his attributes”
- Romans (Presbyterian) “Jamieson, Fausset & Brown on Romans 9:18: Therefore hath he--"So then he hath." The result then is that He hath mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth--by judicially abandoning them to the hardening influence of sin itself (Psa 81:11-12; Rom 1:24, Rom 1:26, Rom 1:28; Heb 3:8, Heb 3:13), and of the surrounding incentives to it (Mat 24:12; Co1 15:38; Th2 2:17). Second objection to the doctrine of Divine Sovereignty:”